Computer Science and Electronics Engineering †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss bout the Computer Science and Electronics Engineering. Answer: Introduction: User interface is a design that takes the help of information technology to enable the interaction between a user and computer. Any user can communicate and use any applications and websites because of the presence of the user interface. Recent studies have shown that users prefer the use of no interface. They prefer to interact in a natural way rather than through any device. Information technology has starting incorporating the use of no interface by introducing the voice user interface. This can be considered to be the first or initial step towards the no user graphical interface (Singh, Tripathi Jara, 2014). People are not much comfortable in using the graphical user interfaces. The use of no user interface will make the lives of the people easier. Two examples where this no user interface can be applied are given as follows: Automatic procedure of payment: Whenever a customer enters a store he/she has to take several steps before paying the bill amount. This hectic and chaotic procedure can be mitigated by automating the procedure for payment. By incorporating a RFID chip in the payment cards of the user. This will enable the customers to enter the store and leave the store without any exit queues. The procedure has been made simple by an app known as the Pay with Square app. This app has helped the customers to buy and leave the store without facing any problem. Automatic procedure of unlocking car: When a person wants to drive a car then he or she has to walk up to the car, take out the keys from the bag and then unlock the car. This approach is a time consuming method. The no user interface approach can be used in order to simplify the entire process. The drivers can just simply walk to the car and open the door. In the year 1991, this keyless strategy was applied by Mercedes-Benz. This helped the car users to save time and energy. There are several types of cables present that are used for the purpose of communicating over wide network. These cables are classified into twisted pair cables, optical fibers and coaxial cables. These three cables have different characteristics that can be compared. The table presented in this answer gives a clear overview of the different characteristics of the twisted pair, optical fibers and coaxial cables. Characteristics Twisted Pair Cable Coaxial Cable Optical Fiber Bandwidth In comparison to the other two cables, this cable has the least bandwidth. In comparison to the other two cables, this has a level of bandwidth that is medium. In comparison to the other two cables, this has the highest level of bandwidth. Cost In comparison to the other two cables, this has the lowest cost. In comparison to the other two cables, it has a moderate level of cost. In comparison to the other two cables, optical fibers have got the highest cost. It is very expensive. Security In comparison to the other two cables, the security factor is very low. In comparison to the other two cables, it provides medium security. In comparison to the other two cables, the security level provided by this cable is the highest. Noise interference This is very high over here. This is extremely low. Its immunity towards interference is high. Noise cannot create any interference in case of optical fibers and light waves. Distance The distance covered is 0 to 3.5 kHz. The distance covered is 0 to 500 MHz. The distance covered is 180 to 370 THz. Table 1: Comparison between Twisted Pair, Coaxial and Optical Fiber Cable (Source: Boyer Heffron, 2015) Three types of Optical Fibers are: Single Mode: This type of optical fibers can transmit in a single mode and consists of a single stand. The diameter of the single mode fiber is 10 microns (Winzer, 2014). Multi Mode: The optical fibers falling under this category is can transmit in more than a single mode. It has a very big diameter that is more than 50 and less than 100 microns. Plastic Optic Fiber: This category is made of polymers having a refractive index of 1.46 or less. Three types of Coaxial Cables are: RG-9/U: It has 51 ohms of impedance. Its type is PE. RG-11/U: It has 75 ohms of impedance. It is used for the purpose of long drops. RG-56/U: It has 48 ohms of impedance. It is dielectric. Three types of Twisted Pair Cables are: Individual Shield: The shielding is done with aluminum foil for individual shielding. Overall Shield: 100 ohms impedance twisted pair cable is used. This helps in preventing the EMI from entering the cable. Individual and overall shield: The inner foil is shielded individually and the outer foil has done braided shielding. Radio Frequency Identification, video tracking and sensors have different characteristics and applications that can be compared. The comparison is shown below. Characteristics RFID Sensors Video Tracking Advantage Human intervention is not required during tag detection. This reduces the cost of employment (Zhu, Mukhopadhyay Kurata, 2012). The price required for implementation is low (Bao Chen, 2012). There is no requirement for heavy wiring. The recorded data gives the exact information. Disadvantage Any defects can affect the working mechanism of the entire system. It requires standardization. This is less secure and it has slow speed (Tozlu et al., 2012). Noise interference can cause disturbance and it is costly (Wang et al., 2015). Key Requirement Unique identification and automatic identification. Safety requirements Proper monitoring is required. Application Shopping stores and logistics. Traffic monitoring and tracking objects. CCTV surveillance and health surveillance. Table 2: Comparison between RFID, Sensors and Video Tracking (Source: Takai et al., 2013) The information and communication technology has become an integral part of the lives of the people. It makes the use of internet on a regular and consistent basis. Internet is susceptible to various types of security threats. There can be deliberate and accidental security threats in the system. Deliberate threats have huge exposure of risk because the attackers have a motive behind it. Accidental threats are not much harmful as it can be rectified after identification. There are can be several reasons behind the deliberate attacks (Borgohain, Kumar Sanyal, 2015). There can be loss of sensitive data and also there can be loss of money. If a credit card gets hacked then the hacker can misuse the money of the user in a wrong way. Several types of threats are hacking, denial of services, spoofing, and sniffing and virus attacks. There can be modification of the information too. Loss of intellectual property can also take place because of the security threats (Suo et al., 2012). In cas e of denial of service attack the attacker keeps the server busy in different type of activities and utilizes the capacity of the server. This makes the server slow and they cannot do the required task later on. These vulnerabilities can be resolved by applying strong security policies in the system. The following information is given in the question: Application trigger time= 1s Propagation delay in round trip between application and sensor= 12ms Average time consumed for processing request=3 ms Time taken in receiving and sending messages= 2 ms Therefore, total time consumed= 1+12+3+2= 18 ms This application design would save 18 ms and it is much better than the existing system. Nielsens law plays a major role in the internet of things. This law is applicable for the purpose of finding out the speed. Nielsens law states that the connection speed increases by 50 per cent every year (Nielsen, 2014). This is applicable in the case of high end users only. In order to prove the law, a graph is presented in this answer. The graph clearly shows that the internet speed of connection is increasing. The graph shows the speed details from year 1984 to the year 2014. There is an exponential growth in the connection speed of the high end users that is shown by the straight line. The X axis of the graph shows the year and the Y axis shows the internet connectivity in bits per second. Straight line is the sign of exponential growth. Hence this law can be easily proved. Nielsens law and Moores law are similar in nature. Moores law deals with the power of the computer. It states that the computer power gets doubled after every 18 months (Chien Karamcheti, 2013). But when both the laws are compared then it can be seen that the growth in the bandwidth takes place in a slow manner and the growth in the computer power takes place in a fast manner. Studies has shown that the annualized rate of growth in internet bandwidth is 50 per cent for Nielsens law and computer power growth is 60 per cent for Moores law. It has been seen that the people have preference towards a bandwidth that is moderate in nature. They do not have high preference for a bandwidth that has high speed. People want to save the bandwidth. Only the high end users can access the internet at a high speed. While designing a web, a designer must integrate such features in the web so the there is optimal usage of bandwidth. There should be low focus on the high speeds of the internet. References Bao, X., Chen, L. (2012). Recent progress in distributed fiber optic sensors.Sensors,12(7), 8601-8639. Borgohain, T., Kumar, U., Sanyal, S. (2015). Survey of security and privacy issues of Internet of Things.arXiv preprint arXiv:1501.02211. Boyer, R. J., Heffron, J. F. (2015).U.S. Patent Application No. 14/775,870. Chien, A. A., Karamcheti, V. (2013). Moore's law: The first ending and a new beginning.Computer,46(12), 48-53. Nielsen, J. (2014). Nielsens Law of Internet Bandwidth, 1998. Singh, D., Tripathi, G., Jara, A. J. (2014, March). A survey of Internet-of-Things: Future vision, architecture, challenges and services. InInternet of things (WF-IoT), 2014 IEEE world forum on(pp. 287-292). IEEE. Suo, H., Wan, J., Zou, C., Liu, J. (2012, March). Security in the internet of things: a review. InComputer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012 international conference on(Vol. 3, pp. 648-651). IEEE. Takai, I., Ito, S., Yasutomi, K., Kagawa, K., Andoh, M., Kawahito, S. (2013). LED and CMOS image sensor based optical wireless communication system for automotive applications.IEEE Photonics Journal,5(5), 6801418-6801418. Tozlu, S., Senel, M., Mao, W., Keshavarzian, A. (2012). Wi-Fi enabled sensors for internet of things: A practical approach.IEEE Communications Magazine,50(6). Wang, L., Liu, T., Wang, G., Chan, K. L., Yang, Q. (2015). Video tracking using learned hierarchical features.IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,24(4), 1424-1435. Winzer, P. J. (2014). Spatial multiplexing in fiber optics: The 10x scaling of metro/core capacities.Bell Labs Technical Journal,19, 22-30. Zhu, X., Mukhopadhyay, S. K., Kurata, H. (2012). A review of RFID technology and its managerial applications in different industries.Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,29(1), 152-167.